IEU - End Mandatory Detention: References

1. Human Rights Watch (HRW), World Report 2001, New York, p.514.
   
2. US Committee for Refugees, ?Sea Change: Australia's New Approach to Asylum Seekers', February 2002, p.5
   
3. For accounts of the history of refugee policy see, US Committee for Refugees, ?Sea Change: Australia's New Approach to Asylum Seekers', February 2002, pp.5-6; Department of Immigration, Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (DIMIA), ?Fact Sheet 82 ? Immigration Detention', November 2001.
   
4. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), ?UNHCR Guidelines on Applicable Criteria and Standards Relating to the Detention of Asylum Seekers', February 1999, Guideline 3, iv.
   
5. DIMIA web site, ?Summary of unauthorised boat arrivals', http://www.immi.gov.au/facts/74unauthorised_summary.htm. See Appendix 4.
   
6. M. Piper, ?Report on RCOA Field Visit to Iran', Refugee Council of Australia, December 2001.
   
7. L. Murdoch, ?Ready to risk all again as storms clear for smugglers', Sydney Morning Herald, 25 February 2002.
   
8. HRW, World Report 2001, New York.
   
9. For financial year 2000/2001. DIMIA, ?January 2002 Rebuttals to False Information Relating to Immigration Detention', DIMIA web site, http://www.minister.immi.gov.au/detention/rebuttal_290102.htm, February 2002.
   
10. Figure given by Treasurer Peter Costello, reported in Metherell & Clennell, ?Pacific solution ?worth it' at twice the price', Sydney Morning Herald, Februaru 14, 2002.
    
11. Oxfam Community Aid Abroad, Adrift in the Pacific: The implications of Australia's Pacific Refugee Solution, February 2002, pp.9, 12.
    
12. DIMIA, ?Fact Sheet No.74, Unauthorised arrivals by air and sea', DIMIA web site, http://www.immi.gov.au/facts/74unauthorised.htm, February 2002;
    
13. DIMIA, ?Fact Sheet No.86, Overstayers and people in breach of visa conditions', DIMIA web site, http://www.immi.gov.au/facts/86overstayers.htm, February 2002.
    
14. Seccombe, ?Houston, we have a problem: you're too truthful', Sydney Morning Herald, February 22, 2002.
    
15. Davies, Clennell & Tomas, ?Ruddock adviser quits in disgust', Sydney Morning Herald, January 23, 2002.
    
16. For more information see, P. Mathew, ?Jesuit Refugee Service Position Paper Regarding the Adoption of the Principle of Temporary Protection by Australia', 1999.
    
17. UNHCR, Convention and Protocol relating to the status of refugees, August 1996.
    
18. HRW, World Report 2001, New York.
    
19. R. Mann, Temporary Protection Visa Holders in Queensland, Queensland Government, Multicultural Affairs Queensland, Department of Premier and Cabinet, 2001, p.33.
    
20. S. Harris, ?Why Temporary Protection Visas are a Raw Deal', Refugee Advocate, National Council of Churches.
    
21. Refugee and Immigration Legal Centre (RILC), 'Submission Concerning Article 31 of the Refugee Convention ? ?Non-Penalisation, Detention and Protection?', Submission to the UNHCR, 2001.
    
22. US Committee for Refugees, ?Sea Change: Australia's New Approach to Asylum Seekers', February 2002.
    
23. Taken from US Committee for Refugees, ?Sea Change: Australia's New Approach to Asylum Seekers', February 2002.
    
24. Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade, Report on Visits to Immigration Detention Centres, Parliament of Australia, June 2001.
    
25. UNCHR, ?Watchdog slams Australian immigrant detention centres', World News page, UNCHR web site, March 5, 2001, http://www.unchr.ch;
    
26. Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade, Report on Visits to Immigration Detention Centres, Parliament of Australia, June 2001; Conference of Leaders of Religious Institutes, ?Policy Proposal for adjustments to Australia's Asylum seeking process', June 2001.
    
27. Amnesty International, ?Australia ? A Continuing Shame: The mandatory detention of asylum-seekers', June 1998, pp.13-18.
    
28. The per day cost comes from Department of Immigration, Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs, ?January 2002 Rebuttals to False Information Relating to Immigration Detention', DIMIA web site, http://www.minister.immi.gov.au/detention/rebuttal_290102.htm, February 2002.
    
29. Office of the UNHCR, ?UNHCR Guidelines on Applicable Criteria and Standards Relating to the Detention of Asylum Seekers', February 1999.
    
30. Conference of Leaders of Religious Institutes, ?Policy Proposal for adjustments to Australia's Asylum seeking process', June 2001, Section 2.4.
    
31. UNHCR, Convention and Protocol relating to the status of refugees, August 1996.
    
32. Based on information from Conference of Leaders of Religious Institutes (CLRI), ?Policy Proposal for adjustments to Australia's Asylum seeking process', June 2001, Section 3; Office of the UNHCR, ?UNHCR Guidelines on Applicable Criteria and Standards Relating to the Detention of Asylum Seekers', February 1999, Guideline 4.
    
33. Based on information from CLRI, ?Policy Proposal for adjustments to Australia's Asylum seeking process', June 2001, Section 3.
    
34. Based on information from CLRI, ?Policy Proposal for adjustments to Australia's Asylum seeking process', June 2001, Section 3. However, these figures are only indicative and any alternative proposal will have to be independently costed.
    
35. Cost of each program is based on the cost of running the program to the NSW Department of Correctional Services as detailed by NSW Parliament Select Committee Report on the Increase in Prison Population. Quoted in CLRI, ?Policy Proposal for adjustments to Australia's Asylum seeking process', June 2001, Section 3.1.22. Community Parole involves organisations or individuals taking responsibility for asylum seekers, possibly financially. Additional costs depend on the extent to which living costs are met by the Government or by those supporting asylum seekers.
    
36. Taken from Naomi Edwards, ?Financial Analysis of Detention Centre Costs' http://www.users.bigpond.com/burnside/costs.htm, January 2002.
    
37. Office of the UNHCR, ?UNHCR Guidelines on Applicable Criteria and Standards Relating to the Detention of Asylum Seekers', February 1999, Guideline 10.
    
38. Office of the UNHCR, ?UNHCR Guidelines on Applicable Criteria and Standards Relating to the Detention of Asylum Seekers', February 1999, Guideline 10.
    
39. Office of the UNHCR, ?UNHCR Guidelines on Applicable Criteria and Standards Relating to the Detention of Asylum Seekers', February 1999, Guideline 6.
    
40. Restrictions have been introduced through Migration Legislation Amendment (Judicial Review) Act 1998 and Migration Legislation Amendment Act (No.1) 2001, US Committee for Refugees, ?Sea Change: Australia's New Approach to Asylum Seekers', February 2002, p.37; DIMA, ?Refugee and Humanitarian Issues: Australia's Response', October 2001, p.24.
    
41. The first three alternatives are part of a proposal being put forward by Australians for Just Refugee Programs, private correspondence with Chris Sidoti, February 2002.
    
42. Metherell & Clennell, ?Pacific solution ?worth it' at twice the price', Sydney Morning Herald, February 14, 2002.
    
43. Papua New Guinea Post-Courier Online, ?$A34m Aust aid to PNG was rushed ? Labor MP', http://www.postcourier.com.pg/20020222/news03, 2002.
    
44. Oxfam Community Aid Abroad, Adrift in the Pacific: The implications of Australia's Pacific Refugee Solution, February 2002, pp.9-11.
    
45. Sydney Morning Herald, ?Nobody mention the war, the captives or the asylum seekers', January 29, 2002; Sydney Morning Herald, ?A tale of two jails: Woomera and Camp X-Ray', January 29, 2002; Hudson, ?Media united in outrage over Woomera arrest, restrictions', The Age, January 29, 2002; UNHCR, ?International journalists' group criticizes Australia over media restrictions at asylum centre', World News page, UNCHR web site, January 29, 2002, http://www.unchr.ch; ABC radio, ?Detention centre crisis continues', AM program, January 28, 2002.
    
46. Seccombe, ?Houston, we have a problem: you're too truthful', Sydney Morning Herald, February 22, 2002; ABC Radio, ?Government accused of politicising the Navy', PM program, February 14, 2002.
    
47. US Committee for Refugees, ?Sea Change: Australia's New Approach to Asylum Seekers', February 2002, pp.14-5.
    
48. UNCHR, ?Refugees desperate as anti-terrorism measures, politics block way to Australia', World News page, UNCHR web site, October 27, 2001, http://www.unchr.ch;
    
49. Oxfam Community Aid Abroad, Adrift in the Pacific: The implications of Australia's Pacific Refugee Solution, February 2002, p.7.
    
50. Pacific Island News Association, ?Moves to close Manus Island asylum seeker center', February 13 2002, http://pidp.eastwestcenter.org/pireport/2002/February/02-13-02.htm.
    
51. Despite increased numbers in recent years the ratio of refugees and asylum seekers in the Australian population is only 1:1,130, compared with 1:572 in the US, 1:117 in Switzerland and 1:456 in Germany. The greatest numbers of asylum seekers are in the developing world. Tanzania hosted over 500,000 in 2000, while Pakistan hosted about 2 million prior to September 11, 2001. US Committee for Refugees, ?Sea Change: Australia's New Approach to Asylum Seekers', February 2002, p.9.
    
52. P. Mares ?A Humane Alternative', The Age, November 14, 2001.
    
53. Clennell, ?Failure to act on smuggler blamed for 350 boat deaths', Sydney Morning Herald, February 25, 2002.
    
54. Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs (DIMA), ?Refugee and Humanitarian Issues: Australia's Response', October 2001.
    
55. Refugee and Immigration Legal Centre, ?Submission Concerning Article 31 of the Refugee Convention ? ?Non-Penalisation, Detention and Protection?', Submission to the UNHCR, 2001.
    
56. DIMIA web site, ?Australian Immigration Statistics', http://www.immi.gov.au/statistics/refugee.htm.
    
57. DIMA, ?Refugee and Humanitarian Issues: Australia's Response', October 2001, p.14.
    
58. MacCallum, ?Generous to Genuine Refugees? Not Quite', The Age, October 3, 2001.
    
59. DIMA, ?Refugee and Humanitarian Issues: Australia's Response', October 2001, p.15; RILC, ?Submission Concerning Article 31 of the Refugee Convention ? ?Non-Penalisation, Detention and Protection?', Submission to the UNHCR, 2001.
    
60. RILC, ?Submission Concerning Article 31 of the Refugee Convention ? ?Non-Penalisation, Detention and Protection?', Submission to the UNHCR, 2001.